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German Reform movement (Judaism)
The German Reform movement in Judaism identifies a period of disputes and innovation during the first two thirds of the 19th century. The ideas, practices, and debates of this period lead to the current denominational structure of Judaism.〔Louis Jacobs, (Modernization and its discontents: the Jewish Enlightenment and the emergence of the Reform movement ) from ''The Jewish Religion: A Companion'', Oxford University Press, 1995. ISBN 0-19-826463-1〕
== The Stirrings of Change ==
The roots of the 19th-century German reform movement lie in the increasing secularization of Europe, the Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment) movement, and the disarray created by the Sabbateans. As a result of these forces many Jews had minimal Jewish education; respect for rabbinic authority had been undermined; and the social extremes (very rich and very poor) had moved further and further towards assimilation.〔Michael Meyer, ''Response to Modernity:A History of the Reform Movement in Judaism'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988) 10-13〕
In response to this situation, Jewish educators, scholars, and rabbis began to see the need to reform Judaism. The religious push for reforms took a number of different forms: philosophical reflection, moral suasion, educational initiatives, edicts from above, and separatism.
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